Anna Czubaj

Boska treść, błyszcząca mądrością i humorem

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Get the lowdown on the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure, including our approach to better, faster, stronger web development.

HTML5 doctype

Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the HTML5 doctype. Include it at the beginning of all your projects.

<!DOCTYPE html>
        <html lang="en">
        ...
        </html>

Mobile first

With Bootstrap 2, we added optional mobile friendly styles for key aspects of the framework. With Bootstrap 3, we've rewritten the project to be mobile friendly from the start. Instead of adding on optional mobile styles, they're baked right into the core. In fact, Bootstrap is mobile first. Mobile first styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of in separate files.

To ensure proper rendering and touch zooming, add the viewport meta tag to your <head>.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

You can disable zooming capabilities on mobile devices by adding user-scalable=no to the viewport meta tag. This disables zooming, meaning users are only able to scroll, and results in your site feeling a bit more like a native application. Overall we don't recommend this on every site, so use caution!

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">

Responsive images

Images in Bootstrap 3 can be made responsive-friendly via the addition of the .img-responsive class. This applies max-width: 100%; and height: auto; to the image so that it scales nicely to the parent element.

<img src="..." class="img-responsive" alt="Responsive image">

Typography and links

Bootstrap sets basic global display, typography, and link styles. Specifically, we:

Set background-color: #fff; on the body
Use the @font-family-base, @font-size-base, and @line-height-base attributes as our typographic base
Set the global link color via @link-color and apply link underlines only on :hover

These styles can be found within scaffolding.less.

Normalize

For improved cross-browser rendering, we use Normalize, a project by Nicolas Gallagher and Jonathan Neal.

Containers

Easily center a page's contents by wrapping its contents in a .container. Containers set max-width at various media query breakpoints to match our grid system.

<div class="container">
        ...
        </div>

Headings

All HTML headings, <h1> through <h6>, are available. .h1 through .h6 classes are also available, for when you want to match the font styling of a heading but still want your text to be displayed inline.

h1. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 36px
h2. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 30px
h3. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 24px
h4. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 18px
h5. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 14px
h6. Bootstrap heading	Semibold 12px

<h1>h1. Bootstrap heading</h1>
    <h2>h2. Bootstrap heading</h2>
    <h3>h3. Bootstrap heading</h3>
    <h4>h4. Bootstrap heading</h4>
    <h5>h5. Bootstrap heading</h5>
    <h6>h6. Bootstrap heading</h6>

Create lighter, secondary text in any heading with a generic  tag or the .small class.

h1. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

h2. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

h3. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

h4. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

h5. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

h6. Bootstrap heading Secondary text

<h1>h1. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h1>
    <h2>h2. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h2>
    <h3>h3. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h3>
    <h4>h4. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h4>
    <h5>h5. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h5>
    <h6>h6. Bootstrap heading <small>Secondary text</small></h6>

Body copy

Bootstrap's global default font-size is 14px, with a line-height of 1.428. This is applied to the <body> and all paragraphs. In addition,  (paragraphs) receive a bottom margin of half their computed line-height (10px by default).

Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula.

Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.

Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.

<p>...</p>

Lead body copy

Make a paragraph stand out by adding .lead.

Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus.

<p class="lead">...</p>

Built with Less

The typographic scale is based on two LESS variables in variables.less: @font-size-base and @line-height-base. The first is the base font-size used throughout and the second is the base line-height. We use those variables and some simple math to create the margins, paddings, and line-heights of all our type and more. Customize them and Bootstrap adapts.

Emphasis

Make use of HTML's default emphasis tags with lightweight styles.

Small text

For de-emphasizing inline or blocks of text, use the  tag to set text at 85% the size of the parent. Heading elements receive their own font-size for nested  elements.

You may alternatively use an inline element with .small in place of any 

This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.

<small>This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.</small>

Bold

For emphasizing a snippet of text with a heavier font-weight.

The following snippet of text is rendered as bold text.

<strong>rendered as bold text</strong>

Italics

For emphasizing a snippet of text with italics.

The following snippet of text is rendered as italicized text.

<em>rendered as italicized text</em>

Alternate elements

Feel free to use  and  in HTML5.  is meant to highlight words or phrases without conveying additional importance while  is mostly for voice, technical terms, etc.

Alignment classes

Easily realign text to components with text alignment classes.

Left aligned text.

Center aligned text.

Right aligned text.

<p class="text-left">Left
    aligned text.</p>
    <p class="text-center">Center aligned text.</p>
    <p class="text-right">Right aligned text.</p>

Emphasis classes

Convey meaning through color with a handful of emphasis utility classes. These may also be applied to links and will darken on hover just like our default link styles.

Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris nibh.

Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.

Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula.

Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna.

Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.

Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.

<p class="text-muted">...</p>
    <p class="text-primary">...</p>
    <p class="text-success">...</p>
    <p class="text-info">...</p>
    <p class="text-warning">...</p>
    <p class="text-danger">...</p>

Dealing with specificity

Sometimes emphasis classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of another selector. In most cases, a sufficient workaround is to wrap your text in a  with the class.

Abbreviations

Stylized implementation of HTML's <abbr> element for abbreviations and acronyms to show the expanded version on hover. Abbreviations with a title attribute have a light dotted bottom border and a help cursor on hover, providing additional context on hover.

Basic abbreviation

For expanded text on long hover of an abbreviation, include the title attribute with the <abbr> element.

An abbreviation of the word attribute is attr.

<abbr title="attribute">attr</abbr>

Initialism

Add .initialism to an abbreviation for a slightly smaller font-size.

HTML is the best thing since sliced bread.

<abbr title="HyperText Markup Language" class="initialism">HTML</abbr>

Addresses

Present contact information for the nearest ancestor or the entire body of work. Preserve formatting by ending all lines with  .

Twitter, Inc.
795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94107
P: (123) 456-7890

Full Name
first.last@example.com

<address>
    <strong>Twitter, Inc.</strong><br>
    795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600<br>
    San Francisco, CA 94107<br>
    <abbr title="Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
    </address>

    <address>
    <strong>Full Name</strong><br>
    <a href="mailto:#">first.last@example.com</a>
    </address>

Blockquotes

For quoting blocks of content from another source within your document.

Default blockquote

Wrap <blockquote> around any HTML as the quote. For straight quotes, we recommend a .

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.

<blockquote>
    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
    </blockquote>

Blockquote options

Style and content changes for simple variations on a standard <blockquote>.

Naming a source

Add  tag for identifying the source. Wrap the name of the source work in <cite>.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
Someone famous in Source Title

<blockquote>
    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
    <small>Someone famous in <cite title="Source Title">Source Title</cite></small>
    </blockquote>

Alternate displays

Use .pull-right for a floated, right-aligned blockquote.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
Someone famous in Source Title

<blockquote class="pull-right">
    ...
    </blockquote>

Lists

Unordered

A list of items in which the order does not explicitly matter.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem

<ul>
    <li>...</li>
    </ul>

Ordered

A list of items in which the order does explicitly matter.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem

<ol>
    <li>...</li>
    </ol>

Unstyled

Remove the default list-style and left margin on list items (immediate children only). This only applies to immediate children list items, meaning you will need to add the class for any nested lists as well.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem

<ul class="list-unstyled">
    <li>...</li>
    </ul>

Inline

Place all list items on a single line with display: inline-block; and some light padding.

Lorem ipsum
Phasellus iaculis
Nulla volutpat

<ul class="list-inline">
    <li>...</li>
    </ul>

Description

A list of terms with their associated descriptions.

Description lists: A description list is perfect for defining terms.
Euismod: Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.; Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
Malesuada porta: Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.

<dl>
    <dt>...</dt>
    <dd>...</dd>
    </dl>

Horizontal description

Make terms and descriptions in <dl> line up side-by-side. Starts off stacked like default <dl>s, but when the navbar expands, so do these.

Description lists: A description list is perfect for defining terms.
Euismod: Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.; Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
Malesuada porta: Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Felis euismod semper eget lacinia: Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus.

<dl class="dl-horizontal">
    <dt>...</dt>
    <dd>...</dd>
    </dl>

Auto-truncating

Horizontal description lists will truncate terms that are too long to fit in the left column with text-overflow. In narrower viewports, they will change to the default stacked layout.